AP US History: The Study Guide: Chapter 6: The Duel for North America 1608-1763

Intro:

France Finds a Foothold in Canada:

Latecomer in scramble for New World - foreign wars, domestic strife, butcher of Huguenots (Protestants)
Edict of Nantes - 1598 - tolerate Protestants - France became strong. King Louis XIV
1608 - Quebec established - leader Samuel de Champlain - Father of New France.
Friendly relations with Huron Indians - fought against Iroquois Confederation
King controlled government - autocratic - no right to trial by jury
Population grew slowly

New France Fans Out:

French fur-trappers pursued the beaver - "coureurs de bois"
Indians recruited into fur trade - disease and alcohol
They explored everywhere! And extinguished beavers
French Jesuit missionaries came to convert Indians - explorers and geographers
Antoine Cadillac - Detroit. Robert de la Salle - Louisiana. French made posts in Mississippi and Louisiana, and New Orleans.

The Clash of Empires:

King William's War (1689-1697) and Queen Anne's War (1702-1713). British colonists vs. French "coureurs de bois" - primitive guerrilla warfare, Indians on both sides. Spain and France allies.
Peace treaty - Ultrecht 1713 - Britain won Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Hudson Bay
British Captain Jenkins got ear sliced off by Spanish. War of Jenkin's Ear 1739 between British and Spaniards. Led to large-scale War of Austrian Succession in Europe and King George's War in America. France allied with Spain.

George Washington Inaugurates War with France:

Rivalry for Ohio Valley. British colonial families (including the Washington's) gained legal "rights" over part of Ohio. French were building forts here.
George Washington (head of militia) went to survey land, saw French troops, shot leader. French returned w/ reinforcements and Washington was forced to surrender at Fort Necessity - 1754.
British uprooted French Acadians to as far as Louisiana ("Cajuns")

Global War and Colonial Disunity:

The French and Indian War. (The Seven Years War). Fought in America, Europe, the West Indies, the Philippines, Africa, and on the ocean.
Britain and Prussia vs. France, Spain, Austria, and Russia. German Frederick the Great.
Colonies need to band together, 1754 Intercolonial congress. 7/13 colonies delegates showed up. Wanted to keep Iroquois on the British side. Also wanted to unite colonies.
Ben Franklin "Join or Die" - led Albany Congress

Braddock's Blundering and Its Aftermath:

British General Braddock sent to Virginia
1755 - 2000 men - capture Fort Duquesne
On their way, encountered French and Indian army, Washington shot at and Braddock wounded.
1756 - British launch invasion of Canada - British got weakened w/ defeat.

Pitt's Palms of Victory:

British leader William Pitt - well-liked. "Organizer of Victory"
1758- Pitt's army defeated French at Louisbourg
Next Quebec - James Wolfe. French were defeated and city surrendered.
Montreal fell in 1760. Peace settlement in Paris 1763. French power completely thrown off North America.
Spain got trans-Mississippi Louisiana, New Orleans. Traded Florida for Cuba w/ Britain.
North America now dominantly British.

Restless Colonists:

British wouldn't recognize Americans militia-men above the rank of captain.
British "snobs," American "scum
American trade with French and Spanish enemies
Britain forbade all export in New England and Middle colonies
Colonists didn't want to pay for war. Wanted privileges of Englishmen w/out the duties of Englishmen.
colonial disunity: geographical barriers and distance, conflicting religions, varied nationalities, and different colonial governments
French and Indian War brought colonists together.

Americans: A People of Destiny:

Colonies more independent from British
Hard for Indians - they had to negotiate with British now
1763 Chief Pontiac led violent campaign to get British out of Ohio
British released smallpox among Indians
British government issued Proclamation of 17633 - prohibited settlement beyond the Appalachians - to prevent conflict w/ Indians.